Economic Impact of the Implementation of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) - Related links

European Commission

• News Article: The Commission adopts two new reports on the implementation of EU ETS in maritime transport and the maritime Monitoring, Reporting and Verification review - European Commission (2025)
• Communication on 'Fit for 55': delivering the EU's 2030 climate target on the way to climate neutrality, COM/2021/550 final
• COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Securing our future Europe's 2040 climate target and path to climate neutrality by 2050 building a sustainable, just and prosperous society (COM(2024) 63 final)
• Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments, and Decision (EU) 2015/1814
• ETS Directive (consolidated text) (2023)
• EU Commission Handbook: EU ETS Handbook (2015)
• Directive 2023/959 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the Union greenhouse gas emission trading system (2023)
• Guidance Document: The EU ETS and MRV Maritime General guidance for shipping companies (November 2024)
• Proposal for a directive amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union, Decision (EU) 2015/1814 concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the Union greenhouse gas emission trading scheme and Regulation (EU) 2015/757, COM/2021/551
• REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the functioning of the European carbon market in 2023 (SWD(2024) 264 final)
• Questions and Answers – Strengthening and expanding EU Emissions Trading with a dedicated Social Climate Fund to help citizens in the transition (October 2023)

European Parliament

• Regulation (EU) 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport, and amending Directive 2009/16/EC
• Briefing ‘Fit for 55’: Revision of the EU Emissions Trading System (January 2022)
• EP Legislative Observatory, Procedure file on Revision of the EU Emissions Trading System, 2021/0211A(COD)
• Revision of the EU emission trading system (ETS) In "A European Green Deal" Carriages preview | Legislative Train Schedule

European Parliament EPRS

• European Parliament, EPRS, Revised EU emissions trading system, At-a-glance note, November 2023
• European Parliament, EPRS, Review of the EU ETS: 'Fit for 55' package, Briefing, May 2023
• European Parliament, EPRS, European ports becoming 'fit for 55', April 2022
• European Parliament, EPRS, ‘Fit for 55’: Revision of the EU Emissions Trading System, initial appraisal of the Commission's impact assessment, Briefing, January 2022

European Court of Auditors

• Special Report 12/2021: The Polluter Pays Principle: Inconsistent application across EU environmental policies and actions (2021)
• Special report 18/2020: The EU’s Emissions Trading System: free allocation of allowances needed better targeting (2020)

European Committee of the Regions

• Making ETS and CBAM work for EU cities and regions | European Committee of the Regions, CDR 4546/2021

ECB

• ECB The effects of the Emissions Trading System on European investment in the short run (2024)
• ECB Blog Stop carbon leakage at the border (June 2023)
• ECB Working Paper Series Benefits and costs of the ETS in the EU, a lesson learned for the CBAM design (January 2023)

EU Publications

• EUI School of Transnational Governance STG Policy Paper: How the EU can support carbon pricing at global level - Publications Office of the EU
• EC Report Study on EU ETS for maritime transport and possible alternative options of combinations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - Publications Office of the EU

OECD

• IEA Publication Implementing Effective Emissions Trading Systems | OECD (2020)
• Working Paper The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance | OECD (2018)
• Carbon Pricing and Competitiveness: Are they at Odds?- Environment Working Paper No. 152 (November 2019)

IMF

• Publication The Case for Carbon Taxation – IMF F&D | DECEMBER 2019

Think tanks and other organisations

• Bruegel Analysis How to fill the remaining gaps in pricing the emissions of the EU’s energy-intensive industries (November 2024)
• Bruegel Policy Brief Europe’s 2040 climate target: four critical risks and how to manage them (October 2024)
• Bruegel Policy Brief How to make the European Green Deal work (November 2019)
• European Data Journalism, Emanuela Barbiroglio – Voxeurop Why the Emissions Trading Scheme is not working, and how to fix it - European Data Journalism Network - EDJNet (April 2021)
• Natur Vards Verket Guidance: Maritime transport in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) (February 2025)
• London School of Economics and Political Science The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance - Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment (November 2022)
• Malta Maritime Forum Article THE EUROPEAN EMISSION TRADING SYSTEM AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR MALTA - Malta Maritime Forum (January 2024)
• NBER Kaenzig The Unequal Economic Consequences of Carbon Pricing | NBER (May 2023)
• WWF Report Making EU ETS revenues work for people and climate (full report) (June 2021)
• Zaklan, A., Wachsmuth, J., & Duscha, V. (2021). The EU ETS to 2030 and beyond: adjusting the cap in light of the 1.5°C target and current energy policies. Climate Policy, 21(6), 778–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1878999