The digitalisation of agriculture

Opportunities and drawbacks towards the reduction of GHG emissions in agriculture

Agriculture plays a central role in the EU, underpinning food security, rural livelihoods, and economic stability, while also accounting for around 10% of the EU’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Digitalisation offers both opportunities and challenges for reducing emissions and enhancing sustainability in the sector. This study evaluates the environmental, social, and economic impacts of digitalisation based on a literature review and case studies in Estonia, Germany, Romania, and Spain. Findings show that digital tools can reduce fertiliser, pesticide, water, and energy use while raising yields and resource efficiency, thus lowering emissions. At the same time, they transform rural labour markets, creating demand for new digital skills but also displacing low-skilled jobs, while high costs, uneven uptake, and weak data governance pose risks for smallholders. Case studies highlight the importance of governance frameworks, farm structures, and political commitment. Recommendations include investing in rural digital infrastructure, supporting small and young farmers, strengthening skills and advisory services, and ensuring fair data ownership to enable inclusive and climate-resilient digital agriculture.